Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr Free Essay Example, 500 words

The year 1968 is deemed to be the year that rocked the world; with a number of events marking the world s history. The assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. is among the events that hit several media houses in 1968. This event took place in Memphis, where King had gone to support the sanitary work of black employees who were on strike since the month of March. These employees were after better treatment and hike in their wages. In April the same year, Luther King addressed a rally at Mason Temple where he talked about being at the top of the mountain. The same day, there was a threat to bombing his plane. This threat was echoed in his closing remarks in a speech he delivered at Mason Temple. Martin was booked at Lorraine Motel, room number 306, in Memphis where he stayed most often with his entourage. Just before his assassination, King had last words with Ben Branch, a musician who was supposed to perform that night in the Motel; Luther King was expected to attend that performance. In his words, King requested Ben Branch to play a song Take My Hand, Precious Lord pretty well. The following day, April 4, King was assassinated at 6.01 pm. We will write a custom essay sample on Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Impact of Advertising on American Society Essay examples

Impact of Advertising on American Society American society has changed drastically over the past years and some people say advertisements reflect the society that we live in now. Advertising in our society encourages unhealthy habits, focuses in on our weaknesses and leads us to believe that we are materialistic. Advertisements can also change our vision of reality and makes us believe the impossible. Advertisements use sexual and racial stereotypes to help sell their products. People in our society encourage the commercials that demonstrate these things, like focus in on our weaknesses. A recent commercial I just saw advertising for Pizza Hut uses sex and famous people to promote their product. The ad was introducing their new†¦show more content†¦It is the same old pepperoni pizza or sausage pizza as before, but it is in a different form or shape. People like new and different things. Also, with this new pizza, it makes it a lot easier to order a pizza for a family that like different toppings. It is convenient for families to just order one pizza rather one that is half anchovies and the other half extra-cheese to satisfy all the family members. The easier it is, the better it will be. This is how our society thinks and wants things to be, easy and simple. So this pizza is new, but it doesn’t necessarily mean it will taste better. Television commercials are not the only form of advertising. There are many more types of methods to advertise. An advertising method that restaurants often used is games and prizes, like You won 1 free Pepsi! to advertise, so more people will buy their product. A game that has been held every year for some time now is McDonald’s Monopoly game. People buy McDonald’s food to receive Monopoly game pieces. It works like the regular game of Monopoly. Some people are lucky and get all pieces except one or two, so they will go to McDonald’s to get fries every day hoping to get that last winning piece. The participants are not buying the food every day because the food is fantastic, but they buy the food to play the game. People in our society just want to be winners, to win prizes and things they cannot affordShow MoreRelatedAdvertising1204 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Impact Of Advertising Impact based advertising is a form of advertising designed to have a lasting psychological effect on viewers so they will remember the product or vendor. This approach can help advertising produce the greatest results for a given expenditure. Impact based advertising is often contrasted with impression based advertising, which is focused on the number of times that an ad is seen and does not differentiate between segments of the audience. Impact-based advertising seeks toRead MoreMass Media and Popular Culture953 Words   |  4 PagesMass Media and Popular Culture March, 2009 Let us face the facts, mass media and popular culture need each other to coexist. Furthermore, in todays society the mass media serves the interest of popular culture. Moreover, it is the vehicle of free speech in a diverse, multicultural society. In addition, mass media refers to communication via radio, televisions, movie theaters, television, newspapers, magazines, and, etc; thereby, reaching out to the larger audience. On the contrary, popularRead MoreAdvertising : The Goal Of Advertising969 Words   |  4 PagesThe goal of advertising is to convince the consumer will be better with the product. Their main concern is to sell the product. They care about the money more than they care about their product’s efficiency. Everything is being advertised today. You can watch a commercial and suddenly feel a need for the product. Advertisers will â€Å"make† you by the product by having a creative name of their product and a catchy slogan. Commercials can have an impact on our culture because of how advertising is performedRead MoreAdvertising Bigotry: the Foundation888 Words   |  4 PagesIn the past, the ideals of American society incorporated numerous stereotypes that even today cause detrimental effects within our infrastructure. The lasting belief of women and African Americans’ inferiority and its harrowing portrayal in advertisements originates from the very distant past. Seemingly from the beginning of time, women all over the world were viewed as lesser individuals therefore they received lesser roles in their society. Since the 18th century, when America first began colonizationRead MoreBranding, Advertising, And Marketing Essay1694 Words   |  7 PagesIt is interesting to see how branding, advertising, and marketing, that are in place to achieve specific commercial goals, completely rely upon the complex elements of human psychology, as well as on how cultural norms and values influence the individual. This has in fact been a n integral concern of marketing historically; the mere presenting of a product or service is ineffective unless some reflection of its deeper value or meaning to the potential consumer is reinforced. In the mid-20th centuryRead MoreThe New Technological Advancements Of The 1900s1613 Words   |  7 Pages Historical Advertising With the new technological advancements of the 1900s, the concept of advertising prospered into a new industry based on the desires of the people. Historically, magazines, newspaper, radio and television have all greatly improved advertising, making it one of the largest forces that works to help or hinder society. â€Å"Before 1910, advertisers mostly sought to inform customers about products; after 1910, the main goal was to create a desire to purchase products† (BlackfordRead MoreAdvertising Impact on Society 1190 Words   |  5 PagesAdvertising’s impact on Society Marshall McLuhan, a Canadian philosopher of communication theory said, â€Å"Advertising is the greatest art form of the 20th century.† Like many works of art, advertising is constantly pushing the limits of what is appropriate. It is hard to escape the constant bombardment of advertisements; they are all around us and they have an impact on our cultural values as a society. Industries take full advantage of this constant exposure in order to sell their products, so asRead MoreImpact Of Advertising On Female Identity Formation1592 Words   |  7 PagesImpacts of Advertising upon Female Identity Formation What does it mean to be beautiful? For the advertising industry, the standard of being beautiful is perfection. American culture is highly concerned with beauty. From magazine to television advertisements, women are bombarded with images of perfection—perfect figure, perfect hair, and perfect skin. Moreover, advertisements sell products that would help improve women’s appearance. The problem with these advertisements is the subjectivity of beautyRead MoreHow does advertisement influence peoples behaviour?1319 Words   |  6 Pagesis everywhere. In every abundance walk of life, there are huge competitions. As a result, advertisement has become more important. If you can be more noticeable, it means you would have chances to market. Therefore, advertising has great impact on different people. Advertising, is mainly used in market, refer to marketing message, which is presented by an identified sponsor in extinctive media such as the television, newspapers, radio, magazines and Internet. The term may be used to refer toRead MoreCulture and the Mass Media1400 Words   |  6 PagesImpact of Mass Media on Enculturation The mass media and culture go hand and hand in today s society. The American culture thrives on the Mass media and this has become American culture today. â€Å"Mass media is any medium used to transmit mass communication. Until recently mass media was clearly defined and was comprised of the eight mass media industries; books, newspapers, magazines, recordings, radio, movies, television and the Internet (Lane, 2007).† The mas media is no longer simple to define

Crown Cork and Seal Free Essays

Crown Cork and Seal Competitive Environment Analysis Exercise Corporate Purpose Crown Cork and Seal had three segments Metal Containers (cans), Closures (crowns), and packaging equipment. Metal containers are cans used in things such as soft drinks or aerosol cans. These were made from steel until being switched over to aluminum in the early 80’s. We will write a custom essay sample on Crown Cork and Seal or any similar topic only for you Order Now Crowns which are closures for any type item such as a jar. â€Å"Metal containers generated 65% of Crown’s $1. 88 billion 1988 sales, while closures generated 30% and packaging equipment 5%. † The mission of Crown Cork and Seal was to â€Å"be successful. To do this Connelly had to take control of cost. He did this by first trimming the workforce by letting go anyone not needed which reduced payroll by 24%. â€Å"The second step was to institute the concept of accountability. † He did this by instilling pride and a sense of workmanship in the employees. He also gave plant managers â€Å"responsibility for plant profitability† as well as quality and customer service. Last but not leased he focused on the company’s debt. He paid off the banks through â€Å"inventory reduction and liquidation. †His vision and strategy for the future emphasized â€Å"cost efficiency, quality, and customer service. Connelly did this by focusing on the companyâ €™s strengths. He was able to improve on their strengths by focusing on the beverage can and new aerosol market. Simultaneously, he improved manufacturing including adapting to customer needs. Environment Analysis: General Environment: Demographic: 1989 over 120,795,000 metal cans were sold. Socio-Culture: The movement away from metal cans to plastic and glass has been a problem as they gain a bigger market share. Political-Legal:Political will play a big part in recycling and the push for â€Å"going green. This will also take effect for the legal aspects as new laws will be in place for more recycling and cleaners running manufacturing plants. Technological:Shut down old out dated plants and opened up new plants across the US with new equipment. Economic: As higher gas prices hit lighter products such as plastic will be more economical to ship to customers verses a heavier metal can. Global: Connelly focused on international growth. He specifically targeted developing countri es. Soon foreign plants generated 44% of sales and 54% of operating profits. Competitive environment: Buyers The competitive environment for the buyers appears to favor the buyers over Crown Cork and Seal and its competitors for many reasons. Major buyers in this industry include Coca-Cola Company and Incorporated, Anheuser-Busch, and PepsiCo. In other words there are a low number of buyers, all of which are very large and powerful companies. The size distribution is mostly centered on these major buyers; however there are other companies such as Seagram’s, Molson, and Labatt. Because there are so few companies for CCS to sell to, a high percentage of sales are dependent on these buyers. This low number of buyers is due to consolidation within the soft drink segment, from 8,000 bottlers in 1980 to about 800 in 1989. Generally 45% of the total cost to buyers went into purchasing the cans. Due to the total cost of cans, buyers try to maintain many relationships with many can makers to increase bargaining power and reduce costs. As a result of this the buyer is not heavily dependent on one single can company. Switching costs are also lower for buyers for the same reason; they already have many resources to choose from. Buyers also are likely to profit fairly well compared to can manufacturers. Can manufacturers must maintain low prices in order to compete with each other to gain share over these very few yet powerful buyers. Some brewers are avoiding switching costs all together through backward entry into the market. By 1989, due to production of cans by â€Å"captive† plants, 25% of all can output was produced by captive plants. By 1980 brewers had capability to supply 55% of their can needs. As a result threat of backward entry is very likely for brewers. It is easier for brewers to do this because they make high-volume single-label products. While at the same time soft drink industry could not easily do this because they focused on low-volume multiple-label products. The aluminum can has three major substitutes buyers can choose from: Plastic bottles, which constituted for 11% of soft drink sales in 1989 along with a growth rate from 9 to 18% from 1980 to 1989; Glass bottles, which constituted for 14% of sales in the soft drink industry in 1989; and steel cans. The aluminum can however is a unique and valuable product to the industry, which is why they constituted for 75% of total sales in 1989. As stated in the case aluminum has many advantages over its substitutes. Aluminum is lighter than glass and steel, aluminum is easy to handle and fill, aluminum allows for a wider variety of graphics options, and also consumers prefer aluminum. Because this product is so unique and advanced, it absolutely increases the buyer’s product quality. Cans have a longer shelf life than plastics and bottles, they are lighter and easier to handle, and since they are coated with a protected seal inside the can taste is not sacrificed. All of which add value and quality to the finished product given to be consumed. Suppliers There are three large aluminum suppliers: Alcoa, Alcan, and Reynolds Metals. Alcoa is the largest producer of aluminum with sales of $9. 8 billion, Alcan ranked a close second with $8. 5 billion in sales, and Reynolds Metals is ranked second in the united states with sales of $5. 6 billion. The percentage of our supplies that come from large suppliers are 21% aluminum and 23% steel. Crown Cork and Seal represents 61% of sales for large suppliers. The supplied product is unique in that they have injected the aluminum cans gas to help the metal retain its shape. This allows the cans to hold more than just caffeinated beverages. Also, the steel is produced thinner to cut costs and weight and there are even steel/ aluminum mixes. In addition to aluminum and steel, there are glass and plastic suppliers that offer unique products based on function. There are always substitutes for a particular supplied product. With the advancement in technology, a cheaper, lighter product could be developed or a new innovative product could be discovered. For example: Bottling has transitioned over the decades from being primarily glass, then to steel, and now aluminum. The cost for switching a particular supplied product would be $20-$25 million based on the finding of switching from three piece to two piece cans. From reviewing the case, there does not seem to be a supplier that is excessively profitable. Even though Alcoa has the largest share of the market making $9. 8 billion in sales, Alcan is not too far behind with the $8. 5 billion. The other suppliers could always come out with a product which would give them a greater competitive advantage, and give threaten Alcoa’s top ranking position. In addition to profitability, there is a great likely hood to forward entry by a supplier. Reynolds Metals, who is a supplier, sold over 11 billion cans itself. The supplier’s product is very important to our product quality. The difference between the value of resources used and the value of the aluminum can to the brewer makes up the surplus value between what the supplier sells the aluminum for and what Crown Cork and Seal can get for it. Competitors Entrants There are a number of threatening entrants to the can manufacturing business. As the market continues to see more suppliers producing cans, and more brewers skipping the middle man (can manufacturer), the threat becomes more serious. Substitutes The shift towards plastic bottles, and perhaps more innovative materials are the threats to substitutes for cans. Corporate Profitability and Productivity: Please See Appendix A Threats to Competitive Equilibrium A 10X force that may come from the general environment to greatly disturb Crown Cork and Seal’s equilibrium in the market might be a socio-cultural shift to be more health conscious. This may hurt the soft drink industry especially hard since they are so high in sugar and there is an epidemic of diabetes and childhood obesity in America. In 1989, soft drinks accounted for more than 50% of the beverage industry. If the health craze were to gain momentum, it could cut into soft drink sales severely. This would increase the market for water and juices. However, water and juice tend to come in plastic containers for the most part. Crown, Cork Seal never got into the plastics market and this could be a huge problem for them. If they do not find a new market for their products they might be left out in the cold once a health revolution occurs in society. The impact on sales would be overwhelming. This would bring profits way down and they may even start to have losses if they do not make adjustments fast enough. Their assets may also decrease in value because there would be less demand for can making machines due to an increase in the need for plastics making machines. With this massive shift in end-user sentiment, Crown, Cork, and Seal would have trouble convincing investors and banks to bet on them thus increasing their cost of capital greatly. A 10X force from the competitive environment could come from Crown, Cork, and Seal’s buyers, especially soft drink bottlers. There has been a trend of consolidation among soft drink bottlers and they have used this to gain leverage over their suppliers and get discounts for their bulk orders. If they were to continue with this trend of consolidation, it could create a scenario in which the bottlers could make their cans in-house cheaper than ordering them from companies like Crown, Cork, and Seal. This would be devastating for Crown, Cork, and Seal to say the least. Since soft drink bottlers are Crown, Cork, and Seal’s largest buyer, this would likely put so much stress on the company that it would eventually become obsolete unless the trend changed or the company shifted their focus before it was too late. This 10X force would bring sales way down for Crown, Cork, and Seal. Even if their sales were not hit as hard as possible, their profits would likely suffer anyway because of the pressure their buyers would be able to put on them with the threat of in-house can manufacturing. Their assets would not drop too much in value because there would still be a market for can manufacturing equipment in this scenario. Crown, Cork, and Seal would likely find it more difficult to attract investors to their company and even their cost of debt would increase with a likely decrease in the rating of their bonds. These two setbacks would drive up their cost of capital and make it difficult to raise money to shift their focus if they wait too long to do so. How to cite Crown Cork and Seal, Papers

Challenges Of Healthcare Management Entailsâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Challenges Of Healthcare Management Entails? Answer: Introducation Healthcare management entails the general management and leadership in a hospital, healthcare systems.(Acton, 2014). It basically entails the administrative aspects of the hospitals. It also ensures that particular outcomes are achieved which constituent parts within the hospitals and health facility operates smoothly without any problems. This requires that the right people are in the right place and they are doing the right thing at the right time(Gurtner, 2014). And also the workers especially the nurses should be aware of how to handle the patient. In most case, this has not been the case due to some of the problems which are faced by the health care management in any healthcare setup. There are many problems which always hinder the smooth operation of healthcare (healthcare management problems). One of the main such problem is lack of adequate finance to ensure a smooth operation and coordination of workers both in the clinical officers and the nurses and how they handle the patient in the hospitals and clinics(Ward, 2014). With insufficient funds, the hospital will not be able to procure all the required drugs and apparatus which ensure a smooth healthcare operation. To the patients, lack of enough money due to their low income will deter them from attaining the appropriate healthcare(Koch, 2011). In some country, the government may come in to subsidize the cost of healthcare by providing the drugs thus making it easy for the citizens to attain a better healthcare at a relatively low cost. With good pay to the nurses, they are highly motivated and they do a super work and this will ensure a proper healthcare management. The manager will also be able to communicate effectively and pass all the relevant information in the hospital when there is adequate finance in the healthc are setup. This healthcare management problem can be fully understood under the following sector(Bradley, 2014). Structural For a hospital which is a private, the administrator is the higher ranked individual who needs to control all other officers and employees.(Bradley, 2014). When the organization of the healthcare is faced with financial problems, then the administrator will not be able to do all the monitoring of the workers and also to ensure that no any worker is complaining of little pay which is not proportional to his or her duty. In some cases, the healthcare is managed by the CEO at the highest rank who is then followed by the three officers; chief nursing officer, chief medical officer, and chief financial officer. Under chief medical officer, we have the physicians whose main duties are to give the injections to the patients(Dunham, 2015). These physicians must be fully controlled by the chief medical officers and they should be provided with all the required material for their efficient operation in the healthcare setup. All these required equipment like needles and the drugs to administer injections to the patients must be adequate in the hospital(Pinkwart, 2012). So if the hospital is facing financial constraint, then the physicians will not be able to obtain these materials. A physician should put on gloves, dust coat, a protective nose mask and in some cases protective gumboots all these will require adequate finance to help them avail all these necessary equipment. In the hospital rooms where the patients need to be injected, there must be a clean bed sheet and adequate beds. These will only be possible if the healthcare is very strong financially. Needles are also used once and then thrown away and in some cases, they are highly sterilized and then used at some later times(Klaus, 2011). The physician is supposed to have adequate medicine to administer to the patient and the drugs administered should not have reached the expiry date and all expired drugs should be thrown away and new ones to be procured. When enough finance is not available to any hospital, then it would not be able to undertake all these smooth operations and administering appropriate drugs in a clean environment which also must be cleaned by cleaning workers who must also be paid very well to undertake their operations. Under Chief Nursing officer, we have unit Manager who controls the charge manager, under charge manager we have shift team leader who controls the registered Nurses(Pinkwart, 2012). The Registered Nurses (RNs) need sufficient funds to undertake their duties which include; Maintaining accurate, detailed report and health records Records the patients medical details and vital symptoms Record, monitor, and report changes in the patients condition. Order, evaluate and interpret diagnostic tests to identify and also assess the patient conditions Consult and coordinate with healthcare team member to assess, interpret patient care plans. This will ensure a smooth healthcare management in the hospital and it may not be possible if the hospital is facing a financial constraint(Klaus, 2011). With enough finance, The Registered Nurses are able to fully coordinate with the team members Instruct families, individuals among other groups on different health topics like disease prevention, childbirth, and also develop a health progress programs. These educations will not be easy without enough money since there is some material the Nurses will have to purchase to make their training easy(Cheever, 2015). And in some case, they will need to use TVs to demonstrate their concepts all these will require some money for both their movement and their effective operations. Prepare patient for and assist with examinations and even some cases offer treatments. When the registered nurses are undertaking this operation they will require cash to buy these drugs for treatment since in most cases they just assist and give the treatment for free. It, therefore, means that the hospital in which they are based will fully be responsible for all the budgets. The chief financial officer must be able to have a lot of knowledge on the accounting and how to manage all the spending done in the hospitals including the payment of the employees (Registered Nurses and physicians)(Greenspun, 2011). Without adequate finance, the cost of the operation becomes unreachable and hence most of the nurses will not be able to adequately operate as they are required to. The flow chart below shows the structural hierarchy for the healthcare management in a hospital. Fig 1 So when there are enough funds in the organization, the CEO will have an easy time to monitor and control all sector of the hospital with the help of other officers who are working under him or her(Weaver, 2013). Human resource This is a very vital sector in any organization, the hospital being one of them. In each hospital, human resource is very significant as it is the only special department which evaluates and recruits qualified nurses, physicians among other employees in the healthcare setup(Weaver, 2013). It basically entails the management of human resource, it also oversees various aspects of employment in the organization like employment standards, administration of employee benefit and compliance with the labor laws. Human resource department will require sufficient funds to enable them undertake their duties successfully(Harman, 2011). When the organization (hospital) is faced with financial problems it will not be able to undertake their activities which are highlighted below; Push the nurses and physicians motivation. This motivation is undertaken by payment appraisal and this will require the hospital to be very financially stable and if not then the motivation to the employees cannot be done effectively. Manage the nurses, physician and other employees relations, unions and their collective bargaining agreements (CBA). Registered Nurses will be required to pay some money to the union to enable their unions to operate effectively as they push for their collective bargaining agreement if it is signed(Janne, 2015). Therefore the nurses will demand a good pay to make them run their union properly through their contributions. Determine the need for the staff. In the determining the need of the staff, the human resource department will scrutinize if in any case, they will need to employ newly qualified staff and to be able to get highly qualified staff(Roussel, 2014). The department will not be able to get highly skilled and qualified staff if the organization is not able to pay the newly and qualified staff Ensures high performance. This is achieved by obtaining qualified workers who are operating in an enabling environment. And this will only be possible if the organization has sufficient funds hire and recruit qualified staff who are able to undertake their operations effectively. For the hospitals which are faced with financial constraints are likely to offer the low quality of services since they are not able to hire qualified nurses who appear too much expensive for them due to lack of enough money in their organization(Roussel, 2014). Nurses from such hospitals will also not manage to maintain their subscription in their union since their pay will probably be low as well. And with time such hospital may not be managed well and in some cases, they can collapse and stop offering their services to patients. Lack of enough sufficient is a major problem which will highly affect the human resource department in any hospital and even in clinics. Political In most cases, politics has contributed to smooth operations of the healthcare management and also in some cases it has resulted in poor and a poor management. This is closely linked to how the government is willing to disburse the finance or in some cases subsidize the cost of healthcare in any country(Vollmann, 2016). In some country, there can be some policies and rules which govern some health practitioners, for instance, Obama care in the USA. In most cases, many countries make life assurance policy compulsory for every citizen. Life covers like the NHIF (National Hospital Insurance Fund) has of a great inch help the citizen whose countries has made it compulsory(Mechanic, 2015). This cover policy will ensure that each and every citizen gets better healthcare for free together with their family whose names are in the life cover policy. Even though this life cover makes it easy for citizens to get free healthcare after their monthly subscription, it can be very expensive for a common citizen to maintain his or her monthly subscriptions. And this will now depend on how the government comes in to help subsidize on the life cover so that every individual is able to meet the required premium which is required to be paid per month(Menvielle, 2011). If the government does not come in to reduce this monthly subscription then some citizens will not be able to pay the premium and they would not be able to get better healthcare at the time they become sick. This is very true that if these individuals are not in a position of making a constant subscription per month, then paying for their healthcare without any care will become a major problem(Springer, 2010). And this will deter the smooth management of healthcare as patient die due to lack of cash. In some cases, such patient can get admitted to the hospital and after treatment; they fail to make the full payment of the services they were offered to jeopardizing the normal and the smooth operation of the healthcare which results to poor healthcare management of that hospital. In most hospitals especially in public hospitals, the nurses among other workers may demand a pay in the salary if they are not comfortable with what the government is offering them. In some countries (especially third world countries), the government can agree to increase their salary by signing their Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) but then the government can still refuse to implement the signed CBA(Kumar, 2012). This will highly demoralize the employees and in most cases, results to nurses among other workers move to a go slow to demand the increase of their salary. During this period of go slow the smooth operation of the healthcare is highly interrupted and this results to a poor healthcare management. If the government motivates the nurses by paying them the correct amount of money and pay it at the correct time then there will be a smooth operation of the healthcare hence a proper healthcare management. The government should provide all the required apparatus and drugs to enable all the nurses to work in a conducive environment. In an environment where the beddings are very clean and neat, there are sufficient drugs supplied by the government(Kumar B. N., 2015). The government should also put a law on the usage of the drugs to ensure that the drugs taken to the hospital are not sold to the patient if they are supposed to be given free to the patients, for instance, ARVs should not be sold to the patients so if any nurse sell such drugs then the correct measures should be put into him or her. Symbolic Use of symbols in most case help to convey a lot of information to both physically handicapped individual and the normal individuals. But they are of a great importance to those who are physically challenged, the individuals who are not able to talk. For such people, use of symbols is an effective tool for conveying very important information. These symbols can as well be applied where the patient is normal but there is a lot of language barrier or LEP (Limited English Proficiency). Hospitals with adequate funds will be able to purchase and maintain these symbols which help in conveying of information between the nurses and the patients(Kumar B. N., 2015). And with the presence of these symbols and charts the healthcare management will face very little challenges when the employees would like to pass information to those with LEP or those individuals who are physically challenged. Use of symbols will sometimes help to educate the public and the patient on some of the symptoms of a given disease deadly disease like EBOLA, HIV, and CANCER among others. In the charts, there can be some preventive measure which can be put to enable the audience to quickly understand the whole concept. For example, on HIV/ AIDS, there are symbols which may be given which may represent `` abstain among others. Symbols like the given below can highly help convey a lot of information The above symbols will help to convey a lot of information, fig 2 will pass the information of abstaining from sex as sexual intercourse is meant for only the married people. Fig 3. Shows that it is not health wise to have unprotected sex if it is a must that one has to have sex. Fig 4 shows that smoking cigarette is bad and all the individuals who smoke should stop. When a healthcare is having enough finance, then it will be able to have these relevant drawings which will help to convey this sensitive information to health hazard to everyone who is not visionary challenged. Therefore this will result in a proper healthcare management(Bradley, 2014). Conclusion In conclusion, availability of finance is very important in management of any healthcare organizations like hospital. With adequate the managers of these organization will be able to make the payment of each employee in time. The employees can also be motivated by a good pay as discussed above. When a healthcare organization is in a financial constraints it will not be able to effectively manage the organization and in some cases the healthcare may collapse and fails to offer its services. References Acton, A. (2014). Issues in Healthcare Management, Economics. Bangkok: Thiland work. Bradley, E. (2014). Shortell and Kaluzny's Healthcare Management: Organization Design and Behavior. Washington: Cengage Learning. Cheever, K. H. (2015). Brunner Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-surgical Nursing. Bangkok: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Dunham, J. (2015). Financial Management for Nurse Managers - Merging the Heart with the Dollar. New Delhi: Indian Work press. Greenspun, H. (2011). Practical Solutions for Healthcare Management and Policy. Stoke: FT Press. Gurtner, S. (2014). Challenges and Opportunities in Health Care Management. Chicago: Newness. Harman, L. B. (2011). Ethical Challenges in the Management of Health Information. Hull: Jones Bartlett Learning. Janne, D. (2015). Health Care Financial Management for Nurse Managers. Chicago: Jones Bartlett Learning. Klaus, Z. (2011). Provider, Consumer: Industry Confronts Health Care Costs: Industry Confornts Health Care Costs. Madrid: Madrid press. Koch, M. W. (2011). Health Care Resource Management: Present and Future Challenges. New Delhi: Mosby. Kumar, B. N. (2015). Challenges in Healthcare in Multi-Ethnic Societies: Communication as a Barrier to Achieving Health Equity. Antonanaorivo: Madagascar wordpress. Kumar, R. (2012). Challenges of Healthcare in India: Economics and Administration. New Delhi: Deep Deep. Mechanic, D. (2015). Policy Challenges in Modern Health Care. Brassilia: Rutgers University Press. Menvielle, W. (2011). The Digitization of Healthcare: New Challenges and Opportunities. Manchester : Springer. Pinkwart, A. (2012). Boundaryless Hospital: Rethink and Redefine Health Care Management. Amsterdam: Work press of Dutch. Roussel, L. A. (2014). Management and Leadership for Nurse Administrators. Hull: Jones Bartlett Learning. Springer. (2010). Ethical Challenges in Health Care: Developing Your Moral Compass. Manchester: Oxford press. Vollmann, J. (2016). Ethics and Professionalism in Healthcare: Transition and Challenges. Chicago: Taylor Francis. Ward, D. M. (2014). Issues in Cost Accounting for Health Care Organizations. Hull: Jones Bartlett Learning. Weaver, C. A. (2013). Healthcare Information Management Systems: Cases, Strategies, and Solutions. Colorado: colorado press.

An evaluation of the impact of social policy in relation to childhood poverty since 1997 The WritePass Journal

An evaluation of the impact of social policy in relation to childhood poverty since 1997 Introduction An evaluation of the impact of social policy in relation to childhood poverty since 1997 that the (Social Mobility and) Child Poverty Commission was appointed. This meant that the body could not be consulted prior to the publication of the Child Poverty Strategy for 2011-14. This contravened the government’s statutory commitment and can be seen as evidence that policy has not necessarily been realised, to use Lupton et al.’s (2013) terminology. Importantly, this had concrete implications for the Child Poverty Strategy for 2011-14, which was widely criticised from not laying out in enough detail that actual means by which policy objectives would be achieved (Bradshaw and Bennett 2014). There are other reasons to believe that agenda setting so far has lacked specificity regarding how it will deal with child poverty. This conclusion emerges through a close examination of the policy statements of government publication and the results following from these policies. For example, the Department for Education posts a statement on its website reading: ‘Poverty, as measured by a household’s income relative to the national average, is often a symptom of deeper, more complex problems. Many of these problems are passed on from one generation to the next.’ As Bradshaw and Bennett (2014) note, the ‘background’ section state that one of its primary aims is ‘reducing poverty in all its forms’, and references social injustice, but does little to directly address the issue of child poverty. The website for the Department for work and Pensions does likewise, noting the existence of a child poverty strategy and the Positive for Youth Repo rt (2011) but failing to specify what this entails in terms of policy (Bradshaw and Bennett 2014; Forest and Parton 2009). This shows that to a certain extent there has been a disconnect between the early stages of the policy cycle (agenda and target setting) and the later one (policy formation). It can also be argued that the government’s approach to dealing with child poverty has been inadequate at the level of policy formation. There has tended to be a great deal of emphasis on the idea of encouraging unemployed parents to work in order that they may better support their children. While this is commendable in several obvious respects, it also has shortcomings. Bucci (cited in Forest and Parton 2009), for example, emphasises the importance of internal factors in children’s lives and downplays the external factors that are usually emphasised by officials and practitioners of policy. This suggests, therefore, the inclusion of many more people in the work force might actually worsen poverty of a social and emotional kind by depriving children of their parents for extended periods. Another strategy employed to end child poverty has come in the form of the Sure Start Centres, the stated aim of which is to ‘improve the outcomes for all children’ (Department of Education 2008). However, the attention paid to child poverty specifically was conspicuously lacking. For example, the first brief concentrated on the objective of ‘helping prevent family breakdown and promoting readiness for schools’, which only has an indirect relationship to child poverty and arguably should not have been prioritised over alternatives, such as the provision of financial support. In addition to the educational component, the Sure Start programme is largely geared around encouraging more parents to work. The government places the promotion of employment and education at the centre of its child poverty policy, as revealed in its description of Sure Start as ‘a cornerstone of the Governments drive to tackle child poverty and social exclusion (Department of Edu cation 2008) This is supported by a number of groups, including the Institute for Public Policy Research, which argued that ‘social inclusion is best promoted though enhanced employment opportunity and that ‘‘poverty and deprivation in childrens families and in their neighbourhoods is associated with their performance at school (Oppenheim, 1998: 113, 139). There is also support for this policy direction from the European Commission (2014), which argued that the most important priorities for reducing child poverty are to ‘improve access to affordable early childhood education and care services’ and to ‘support parents access to the labour market and make sure that work pays for them’ (European Commission 2014). It might reasonably be claimed, therefore, that while the policy formulation as regards child poverty is indirect, its efficacy in ameliorating child poverty is supported in the literature. This gives credibility to the Sure Start programme, which represents not just successful policy formulation but also the successful implementation of policy initiatives (Lupton 2013). The noticeable educational improvements among children and young people reflect the efficacy of these policies, and it has been argued that they show the success of child poverty reduction measures. For example, results in national tests at 11 and 16 indicated great improvements and few people were leaving school with no qualifications by 2010 (Lupton 2013). Socio-economic gaps were reduced across all indicators – incrementally at age 11 and then more distinctly at age 16. Larger number remained at school after the age of 16 and more went to higher education. Socio-economic gaps in HE access also closed slightly despite concerns to the contrary (Lupton 2013). On the other hand, it has also been argued (e.g., by the European Commission) that the UK has so far not done enough on these fronts in order to combat child poverty. This suggests that while policy formulation might therefore be on the right track, the implementation has not yet gone far enough (European Commission 2014). On the whole, policy formulation has generally been lauded. Education Maintenance Allowances, for example, have complemented the Sure Start programme discussed above. More important have been the tax and benefit reforms, which Hills and Steward (2005) argue have ‘reduced child poverty quickly enough to give the Government a good chance of hitting its 2004-05 targets.’ This is a dated analysis, but it indicates that in the decade after 1997 policy was relatively successful. The importance of changes in incomes for parents and their children, moreover, is borne out by the Families and Children Survey, as well as other interviews conducted in low-income areas (Hills and Stewart 2005). Nevertheless, while there has been a fall in relative child poverty between 1996-7 and 2002-3, and falls in deprivation and child-related spending by parents, the UK is still some way behind the EU average (Hills and Stewart 2005; also see European Commission 2014) There has been considerable research into the effect of Labour’s efforts to alleviate child poverty, primarily because they have been in office for much of the period and have been the main drivers behind such initiatives. The Labour government’s record has been positive on many fronts. Health is closely related to poverty, and in these terms the life expectancy of children rose, with infant mortality declining and illness declining, between 1997 and 2010 (Vizard and Obolenskaya 2013). This is supported by Stewart (2013), who has noted that for young children in particular outcomes as a result of Labour’s policies improved markedly, with higher employment rates for lone parents and fewer mothers drinking and smoking during pregnancies (the tangible impact of this is reflected in a fall in low birth weights among infants); moreover, the improvements here were concentrated among the lower socio-economic groups, which suggests relative poverty declined (Stewart 2013 ). For older children and young people, results in national tests at 11and 16 showed substantial improvements and hardly anyone was leaving school with no qualifications by 2010. Socio-economic gaps closed on all indicators –gradually at age 11 and more dramatically at age 16. Greater proportions stayed on at school after 16 and went to higher education, and socio-economic gaps in HE access closed slightly despite concerns to the contrary (Lupton and Obolenskaya 2013). Some particular shortcomings of policy have been highlighted by the research, however. For example, research into child poverty arising from neglect and abuse has revealed policy failure at all levels of the policy cycle. The neglect, abuse and eventual death of Victoria Climbe in 2000 is a good example of a policy failure in the period under consideration (Forest and Parton 2009; Laming 2003). Older children have often been classified as ‘hard to help’ and failed by agencies, while long-term neglect cases have on occasion not been properly contextualised in terms of past events in children’s lives. Additionally, there has tended to be an overreliance on universal or adult social service for physically injured children rather than the more appropriate children social care. As Brandon (2008) notes, these are reflective of policy failures in this particular area at the levels of formation, implementation, and post-policy evaluation. At the final level of the policy cycle, evaluation, there has been some criticism of policy. In particular, March and Fisher (2005: 4) highlight ‘strong arguments for the development of the evidence base, and for shifting social services towards an evidence-based approach, instead of its historic reliance on an ‘authority-based’ approach. These arguments run similarly to those suggesting that healthcare needs more of an evidence-based approach (for example, the 1997 report for the DH on RD in primary care) (Forest and Parton 2009). In this respect, it could be argued that policy has been less effective than it might have been because the research driving it has been conducted in the wrong way. It might even be said that improvements in this area required looking to the past: As Marsh and Fisher (2005: 5) put it: ‘Despite this lack of strategy, social work research has occasionally made a significant impact’. They point to the example of the childcare r esearch programme that was shaped by the DH during the 1980s. This led to a cogent set of policies on many critical issues and helped to make policy more focused on relevance and practical matters.. Nevertheless, this ‘did not address the question of the infrastructure for research relevant to social care’ (Marsh and Fisher 2005: 5). In a sense, these failures of policy at the final stage bring the argument full circle back to the level of agenda setting and policy formation. Marsh and Fisher (2005) and Morrin et al. (2011) see the issue as a lack of a strategic framework, which impedes agenda setting from the outset and prevents re-evaluative improvement at the end. The fact that no publicly funded research body is in place makes this more difficult, ‘and the plethora of relevant bodies has not so far offered a unified voice that could command widespread support. Unclear academic roots complicate the process’ (Marsh and Fisher 2005: 15). It might be argued that this comes down to the problem that social care does not exist as an independent academic discipline (Morrin et al. 2011; Forest and Parton 2009). In conclusion, it can be said that the impact of government policy on child poverty has been mixed. On the one hand, many important and varied issues, ranging from education to financial hardship and psychological trauma, have been brought under the government remit. This represents a success in terms of agenda setting. A large number of influential programmes have taken form across the spectrum, and these have been implemented with reasonable success in many cases, as indicated by the fact that child poverty has declined since 1997 by nearly 10 percent (Forest and Parton 2009). To a certain degree, it is too early to tell whether evaluation has been successful. There have, of course, been various shortcomings such as the inability of policy to adequately protect abused children. Detractors have also claimed that policy, despite being relatively successful, has not been based on evidence. In the end, the record of government policy is generally good, although there is clearly scope f or improvement going forwards. References: Bradshaw, J. and Bennett, F. (2014) Investing in Children: Breaking the cycle of disadvantage: A Study of National Policies: The United Kingdom, European Commission york.ac.uk/inst/spru/research/pdf/Naps2013Investing.pdf [Retrieved 22/06/2014] Brandon, M. (2008) Analysing child deaths and serious injury through abuse and neglect, Centre for Research on Children and Families uea.ac.uk/centre-research-child-family/child-protection-and-family-support/analysing-child-deaths [Retrieved 22/06/2014] Cleaver, H. and Walker, S. (2004) Assessing Childrens Needs and Circumstances: The Impact of the Assessment Framework, London: Jessica Kingsley Department for Education (2008) Sure Start Childrens Centres good for your child and good for you http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130401151715/education.gov.uk/publications/standard/Surestart/Page1/DCSF-00787-2008 [Retrieved 22/06/2014] Department of Health (1997) RD in primary care, London: The Stationery Office European Commission (2014) Investing in children http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=1060langId=en [Retrieved 22/06/2014] Eisenstadt, N.  (2011),  Providing a Sure Start: How Government Discovered Early Childhood. Bristol: Policy Press Forest, N. and Parton, N. (2009) Understanding childrens social care: politics, policy and practice London: SAGE Hills, J. and Stewart, K. (2005) POLICIES TOWARDS POVERTY, INEQUALITY AND EXCLUSION SINCE 1997, Joseph Rowntree Foundation jrf.org.uk/publications/policies-towards-poverty-inequality-and-exclusion-1997 [Retrieved 22/06/2014] HM Government (2006) Working Together to Safeguard Children: A guide to inter-agency working to safeguard and promote the welfare of children, Nottingham: Department for Education and Skills justice.gov.uk/downloads/youth-justice/improving-practice/WT2006-Working-together.pdf [Retrieved 22/06/2014] HM Government (2004) Every Child Matters: Change for Children Programme. Nottingham: Department for Education and Skills www.everychildmatters.gov.uk [Retrieved 22/03/2014] Laming, H. (2003) The Victoria Climbie Inquiry https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/273183/5730.pdf [Retrieved 22/06/2014] Lupton, R., Burchardt, T, Hills, J. Stewart, K. and Vizard, P. (2013) A Framework for Analysing the Effects of Social Policy, Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion http://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/dps/case/spcc/rn001.pdf [Retrieved 22/06/2014] Lupton, R. (2013) Labour’s Social Policy Record: Policy, Spending and Outcomes 1997-2010, Centre for Analysis and Social Exclusion http://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/dps/case/spcc/RR01.pdf [Retrieved 22/06/2014] Marsh, P. and Fisher, M. (2005) Developing the evidence base for social work and social care practice, Social Care Institute for Excellence scie.org.uk/publications/reports/report10.pdf [Retrieved 22/06/2014] Morrin, M., Johnson, S., Heron, L. and Roberts, E. (2011) CONCEPTUAL IMPACT OF ESRC RESEARCH: CASE STUDY OF UK CHILD POVERTY POLICY, Final Report to Economic and Social Research Council esrc.ac.uk/_images/Conceptual_impact_study_report_tcm8-18146.pdf [Retrieved 22/06/2014] Stewart, K. (2013) Labour’s Record on the Under-Fives: Policy Spending and Outcomes 1997-2010. Social Policy in a Cold Climate Working Paper. London: CASE Vizard, P. and Obolenskaya, P. (2013) Labour’s Record on Health: Policy Spending and Outcomes 1997-2010. Social Policy in a Cold Climate Working Paper WP02. London: CASE

Introduction to Electricity and Electronics

Introduction to Electricity and Electronics Electricity is a form of energy involving the flow of electrons.  All matter is made up of atoms, which has a center called a nucleus. The nucleus contains positively charged particles called protons and uncharged particles called neutrons. The nucleus of an atom is surrounded by negatively charged particles called electrons. The negative charge of an electron is equal to the positive charge of a proton, and the number of electrons in an atom is usually equal to the number of protons. When the balancing force between protons and electrons is upset by an outside force, an atom may gain or lose an electron. And when electrons are lost from an atom, the free movement of these electrons constitutes an electric current. Humans and electricity Electricity is a basic part of nature and it is one of our most widely used forms of energy. Humans get electricity, which is a secondary energy source, from the conversion of other sources of energy, like coal, natural gas, oil and nuclear power. The original natural sources of electricity are called primary sources. Many cities and towns were built alongside waterfalls (a primary source of mechanical energy) that turned  water wheels  to perform work. And before electricity generation began slightly over 100 years ago, houses were lit with kerosene lamps, food was cooled in iceboxes, and rooms were warmed by wood-burning or coal-burning stoves. Beginning with  Benjamin Franklins  experiment with a kite one stormy night in Philadelphia, the principles of electricity gradually became understood. In the mid-1800s, everyones life changed with the invention of the electric  light bulb. Prior to 1879, electricity had been used in arc lights for outdoor lighting. The lightbulbs invention used electricity to bring indoor lighting to our homes. Generating electricity An electric generator (Long ago, a machine that generated electricity was named dynamo todays preferred term is generator) is a device for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. The process is based on the relationship between magnetism and electricity. When a wire or any other electrically conductive material moves across a magnetic field, an electric current occurs in the wire. The large generators used by the electric utility industry have a stationary conductor. A magnet attached to the end of a rotating shaft is positioned inside a stationary conducting ring that is wrapped with a long, continuous piece of wire. When the magnet rotates, it induces a small electric current in each section of wire as it passes. Each section of wire constitutes a small, separate electric conductor. All the small currents of individual sections add up to one current of considerable size. This current is what is used for electric power. An electric utility power station uses either a turbine, engine, water wheel, or other similar machine to drive an electric generator or device that converts mechanical or chemical energy to electricity. Steam turbines, internal-combustion engines, gas combustion turbines, water turbines, and wind turbines are the most common methods to generate electricity.

Mathematical Thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mathematical Thinking - Essay Example Students are gestated to cultivate problem-solving skills that includes problem defining, prescribing inferences, and canvassing the accuracy of solutions Students should be involved in sense making. One should teach mathematics as if it were an ill-structured discipline: a domain in which multiple inferences, polemics, and controversial issues are called for and genuine. In the first step in expressing their mathematical thinking in words, they normally do not follow very specific language. Learning to think mathematically obligates some interposed strategies in order to bridge the gap between student's ordinary language and the language of mathematics. Teachers nudge in strengthen the mathematical thinking of student make a gamut, fluctuating from more direct methods in which the teacher gives an answer, a substantiation, or a leading question, to less direct methods that facilitate and simplify students to develop their thinking mechanism or to reverberate on their queries and acumen. Some examples of less direct methods to enhance mathematical thinking are non-leading questions, summarizing a discussion, connecting ideas, and prob lem-solving steps to be taken; and the use of wait-time, in which a teacher masquerade a query and gives appropriate time for the student to just go through and elaborate his or her reasoning. Each of these inferences has the potential to assist students to conclude that they have the ability to develop logic, and that they too can think and act mathematically. Even the most expedition-oriented teacher acquaints students to available provisions in order to accomplish the needs avowed by students. The teacher can posture as a connoisseur member of a collaborative learning community, one who has resources to bring to bear on an inquiry. Responsiveness is a key value to reinforce discourse. When students are steering an inquiry, the teacher can be an acting tribunal and confidence builder. Another contour of responsiveness and impressionable includes recognizing student's misbelieves related to the questions they put. In such circumstances one might give an answer, but the more constructive response may be a follow-up question that rummages the postulations or consequences that led to the misguided query. This policy has two purposes: (a) it gives the students involved a opportunity to show on their own thinking, and (b) it alludes onus for a question to the student who asked it. A student requires learning a technique to answer, "Why did you raise that query" -- and this is absolutely defiance at first, because the activity is so reflexive and the presumptions are usually taken for granted. In this type of circumstances, a carefully drafted question can give students to refresh their thinking process and ask themselves whether an answer or a procedure they have used is sensible. Such queries are part of a strategy that ministers to dodge delegations from the teacher to the student. One standard in the classroom session that can be adopted explicitly is the anticipation that students are accountable to convalesce their problem solving techniques and should be queried continuously

Research for Health Project Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

For Health Project - Research Paper Example The proposal aims at correcting the situation by suggesting various alternatives towards ensuring early HIV infection diagnosis among the Africans in UK. There is a need to access the various barriers that hinder. The research paper will also contain some research questions that the researcher will use in the field to come up with concrete findings in the study. The methodological chapter reviews some of the research techniques and designs that the researcher will use in addressing the qualitative and quantitative studies in developing the research. The section also gives the prelude on how data will be collected in the field as well as the sampling procedures that will be used in obtaining the desired population for the study. A detailed technique of raw data analysis and presentation is also indicated in the chapter. A literature search refers to an explicit and systematic approach to identifying, retrieving and managing bibliography of independent studies. The independent sources are obtained from published from sources, and the search aims at synthesizing conclusions, singling out future areas of research as well as locating information on particular topics. Today, a lot of technological advances are seen in the field of medicine as well as nursing. For instance, there are epidemics and new cases of diagnosis of some diseases worldwide. The current trends in the late diagnosis of HIV infection among the black Africans is a matter of concern in UK (Health Protection Agency, 2007). The issue poses a great concern to the government of UK to find out the primary cause of the late HIV infection diagnosis. Late HIV infection diagnosis among Africans in UK is a serious problem in the region. The problem of late HIV infection defines a situation where the CD4 cells count way below the minimum level of 350 cells/mm3 (Fenton, 2007, p.14). The late diagnosis hinders early access to

Law enforcement, alcohol and drug awareness, personal safety, domestic Essay

Law enforcement, alcohol and drug awareness, personal safety, domestic violence, traffic violations - Essay Example Should you have an encounter with the police it is important that you are polite as possible, be respectful though the situation may be stressful, and answer only when asked to do so. It is best to keep your hands visible at all times so that the policeman has no reason to feel threatened. Remain in your vehicle unless asked to exit. It is likely the encounter will go smoothly and the problem will be resolved without complication if you are complying with the law. Driving while under the influence of alcohol is prohibited in all fifty states, with legal limits defined as .10 in 42 states and .08 in eight states, including Florida. If you are caught driving while intoxicated you will be arrested and if it is your first offense you will likely spend time on probation, with various fines and community service. For second and third offenses your chances of being incarcerated are high, with prison a possibility. Being caught with illegal drugs is another serious offense that you will be arrested and jailed for, and depending on the schedule of narcotic you will be fined and imprisoned. Narcotics can also include those prescribed and it is possible to be arrested for driving while intoxicated even if you are only taking over the counter medication. Any substance that causes an altered consciousness such as sleepiness or drowsiness should not be taken when you are planning to drive. As an international student you will have the same rights as American citizens regarding personal safety and should contact law enforcement if you experience a threatening situation. It is important that you do not react with violence in any situation and that if you are part of a violent or physical confrontation you contact law enforcement and do not attempt to handle the matter yourself. "Washington State University - Office of International Students & Scholars." Washington State University -

Critical Evaluation Of The Operations Management

Critical Evaluation Of The Operations Management The essay is about to critical evaluate the operations management strategy of Hard Rock Cafà © as described in the case materials, and discuss the operations management challenges as well as the opportunities when Hard Rock Cafà © considering expand their business in Hanoi-Vietnam. In the essay, textbook, internet, academic researches will be mentioned to support the critical evaluates operations management, challenges and opportunities issues. According to Heizer el at., (2011), Operations management is defined as any activities that relate to the creation of goods and services through the transformation of inputs and outputs, while operation managers play an important role in the management process. The management process contains planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling. (Heizer el at., 2011). In the case materials provided, we will evaluate 10 critical decisions of Operations managements which are goods and service design, managing quality, process and capacity design, location strategy, layout strategy, HR and job design, supply-chain management, inventory, scheduling and last decision is maintenance to see whether how well Hard Rock cafà © applied these decisions in their operation management (Heizer el at., 2011). We will evaluate few decisions amongst those 10 decisions to let people have a broad view of how Hard Rock Cafà © applies these decisions to operate their business. For goods and service design, what services/products should Cafà © give to customers? That is very important issue to Hard Rock Management. As weve known, Hard Rock is in hospitality industry. If they provide products/services wrongly, it would lead the company to bankrupt. Follow the Hard Rock case study, due to the global economic changes, differences in business law, a lot of risk factors that make Hard Rock Cafà © changes from global Strategy into multi-domestic strategy. Multi-domestic strategy is a strategy that companies in each market makes their operating decisions independently of others oversea markets (http://tutor2u.net). In here, company decided to franchise a large number of their cafes by joining with opened cafà © such as in Manchester and Birmingham, which try to attract local residents involve in their business due to this place is not a common place for tourist, where people in here are quite conservative. This decision would make them to redesign their goods and services to meet with the local taste. Differences country would have different cultural, languages, business practices. For example: Hard Rock cafà © in Kuwait would need to change their menus because they cant eat pork. All products are related to pork are prohibited as well as alcohol while in US where people can eat pork, drink alcohol with no restriction due to difference religions and law as well ( Muslim in Kuwait and mainly Catholic, Protestant, Buddhism in US). (http://www.hardrock.com) Another issue is managing quality. Base on Rose el at., (2005), management quality is looked at 4 issues: quality planning, quality control, quality assurance and quality improvement. Hard Rock Cafà © has been focused on quality control and improvement by survey. It has been done regularly with rate from 1 to 7. If the score is not reached score 7 that mean the foods and services will be reviewed. The company has changed their menus to match with local taste as well as upgrade their menu. They are not only focus on their traditional food such as hamburgers and beefs but also look for high class of food like fishes, lobsters. Although customers go to Hard Rock Cafà © because they love music, atmosphere, environment, that is the main reason but high quality of food which show in menus would be value-added to Hard Rock Cafà © reputation and make customers come again. Cianfrani el at., (2009) told that: Quality management could change some of the management principles. This can help t op level management to increase the companys performance as well as satisfy the customers need. This issue is very important for the company which they are strongly focused on customer because most of the Hard Rock Cafà © customers are tourists while a minority is a local resident (Heizer el at., 2011). When the company changes their services/products, they also need to think of their existing supply chain management. Mentzer et al., (2001) stated that: Supply chain management is seen as a mechanism to maintain competition in domestic markets, in light of increasing global competition. The company chooses to upgrade their menu that would restructure their supply chain management because they will need new suppliers as well as maybe eliminate some old suppliers. Hard Rock Cafà © does not want too much on beefs and hamburgers; they want to add more expensive stuff such as fishes and lobsters which would attract a wider range of customers as well as lift the level of Hard Rock Cafà © one step higher. Top level managements also need to consider on the distribution network of new suppliers. Where are their warehouses, distribution centers, number of networking, who are their customers? What are payment terms? Can they deliver goods then we play later or we need to play upfront before they delivery goods? All those things need to consider very careful because it will affect to the cost of the meal later on. If the warehouse of new supplier is too far, it would create a big problem when we run out of food to prepare meal for customers. Moreover, if the company has to make full payment before they deliver goods, it would be an issue to management level to consider because if we can pay them later in a certain day after we receive goods, that is so much better, we can use that money to do something else to make more money and pay the supplier later. Location for Hard Rock Cafà © would a big issue to consider when select the location. A lot of things would affect such as political risk, currency risk, social norms, brand fit, and business practices (Heizer el at., 2011). Political risk is defined as Probability of loss due to political instability in the buyers country that may result in cancellation of a license or otherwise affect the buyers ability to make payments. Political risks are insurable risks, and overlap with the political component of force majeure risks (http://www.businessdictionary.com). It is the main concern when choosing location. Thailand will be a good example. Recently, Thailand has a lot of strikes which would make investors worry. It will also affect tourist industry due to a lot of cancellation tour to Thailand during strike (http://www.thaipro.com). While business practice is another issue Hard Rock Cafà © need to concern. The regulatory framework in Thailand is quite good but whether it is put into p ractice is a different issue (http://www.reuters.com). The business environment in Thailand recently is going down. Corruption is increasing badly. If company wants to expand business in Thailand, this issue would be considering carefully while most of the businesses try to avoid bribing, they want to do clean business especially some companies come from developed countries such as United State, Australia. Maintenance would get involve as the strategy of Hard Rock Cafà © has changed to franchise with opened restaurant or cafà ©. This mean they need to redesign the current cafà ©/restaurant so that will fit local cultural but it will not lose the Hard Rocks visual appearance. Securency Company is an example for bribing. Securency is a joint company between Reserve Bank Australia and British company call Innovia Films. Several former and serving Securency executives engaged in bribery to win deals in Vietnam, Nigeria, Malaysia and Indonesia. Securency Company has been investigated and bribery for some middle-men in order to win the deals oversea has been probed. If Hard Rock Cafà © gets involve in this kind of bribery, this will destroy all the reputation that Hard Rock Cafà © has tried to build up decades ago as well as it will lead to closing down a lot of business if the bribery is proved. Human resource management is also an important matter for company. Armstrong (2006) stated that: Human resource management is the strategic and coherent approach to the management of an organizations most valued assets: the people working there who individually and collectively contribute to the achievement of the objectives. Nowadays, most of the company is really pay attention about human resource. It can help the company win over their competitors. For restaurant industry, products are important but services could be an extra point to attract customer come back. How Hard Rock could do it? The company needs to provide the better services, cheaper price and faster response to compete with their competitors (Blackwell et al., 2001). Staff turnover is another issue especially in restaurant industry due to very high turnover of employees, around 80% to 100% per year (Heizer el at., 2011). Hard Rock Cafà © is successfully in keep very low percentage of staff turnover by let employees fill in each day schedule what day/shift they would like to work base on their level and how important they are at each shift. The purpose is to balance work and normal life of staff as well as will not let over-employee between two shifts. This method works very well as Hard Rock staffs love that method and it helps to reduce the staff turnover which is percentage of staff turnover in restaurant industry is very high. Although staffs at Hard Rock Cafà © are music lover, happy with the working environment but for normal living life, they cannot live without money. So company should have reasonable salary system in order to help their staffs afford to normal living cost. There is an accusing of an anonymous waiter staff in of the Hard Rock Cafà © in United Kingdom that he/she was getting paid under the national minimum wages which is 2.06 pound per hour while national minimum wages is around 5.73 pound per hour (http://news.bbc.co.uk). Employees in Hard Rock Cafà © in London are relying on tips of customer to push their wages to national minimum wages. These tips could come from cash, credit card tips but we do not know all those tip will be distributed fairly to staffs or the company will keep them and give part of it staffs only. This matter is very important. Salary would a tool to stimulus the performance of employees which could make them work harder, dynamic and enthusiasm. If this matter i s proven, the company will be fined and leads to competitors get gain more market share which is belong to company. In order to expand business in Ha Noi, Vietnam, Hard Rock needs to look at challenges and opportunities before make final decision. These challenges and opportunities are mention below: Based on General Statistics Office of Vietnam, Ha noi is about 3345 km2 with more than 6.5 millions of people which is around 1935 person/km2 (http://www.gso.gov.vn). We can see in here, will small area with a lot of people live in, so it is very hard to find location to open a new business in here. Location is a main concern of company which is easy to access; locate around Central Business District where a lot of traveler and people can see their logo. Moreover, real estate price in Ha Noi is very high compare to other cities so that company would need to consider lease or buy it out (http://vietbao.vn). That would be added to the cost of meal which would be an issue in competitive with other competitors. Another challenge is cultural differences. Cultural differences could cause a lot of problem which Hard Rock needs to find out when planning to do business in Vietnam. Eye contact is an important to tell whether we respect opposite person or not. For Western cultural, when people are talking, it is impolite if we do not look at each others eyes. But in many Asian countries such as Japan and Vietnam, they cannot look at their superiors eyes otherwise it means you have no respect for them. If you do that so, that mean you show your respect to them (Moran el at., 2007). Posture/Gesture can make misunderstanding as well if two business men from difference countries with difference cultural. In Vietnam, it would be friendly if two people stand close, remain little gap between two people but in western way, it should be a gap (at least one meter) when they are talking to each other, it is consider polite. On the other hand, handshake would differences between Asian cultural and Western cultural. Western people prefer firm handshake, that show their respect to business partner as well as trustworthy while in Asia, especially in Vietnam, firm handshake should be avoided while people think it is rude, un-educated, not being friendly to guess. Those things are very important because if they do not understand Vietnamese cultural, it might create problems between level management of Hard Rock towards their employees. This is not good for business as it will create the gap between level management and employees, poor performances, people might want to quit du e to disappointed, do not like working environment. Currency risk is another risk factor. At the moment, the exchange rate between US dollar and Vietnamese dong is very high which is 1 US dollar can change to 19500 VND (www.eximbank.com). If Hard Rock would like to bring their goods over from US to keep original taste, it would make the price of each meal increase due to value of VND is decrease plus no shipping cost from US to Hanoi if they buy those products in Vietnam. The rise and fall of exchange rate could make company have more competitive advantage to competitor but it would be a disaster later on so that advantage would turn to disadvantage as Hard Rock Cafà © strategy wants local residents get involve along with tourists. In Vietnam legal framework is quite good but it is not applied. Intellectual property right is an example. It is not protected even Vietnam has signed a lot agreement which promised to protect the copyright but it does not put it in practice (http://www.vietnam-ustrade.org). The percentage of copyright infringement is still high at 85%, same at year 2007, 2008 (http://phapluattp.vn). Hard Rock Cafà © can be set up today but next few weeks, another Cafà © might be open and all the meals, layout, styles, music would be similar or slightly differences. It will affect the brand name of Hard Rock if customers come in, still though that is Hard Rock Cafà © and they have bad serves or food poisoning. Disregard those challenges above, Ha Noi is still a potential place for investor to consider when open business in here. Firstly, Hanoi is capital of Vietnam with labor force 1.6 million of people while 43% of them are under age of 35; it means 400.000 people enter the market every day (http://industrialzone.vn). Moreover, GDP per capital of Vietnam is around $1156 USD/year which is very low compares to US. It means, company has more option in selecting staffs but pay less money than in US market (http://www.dfat.gov.au). That would save a lot money for company while in US huge money has been paid off for HR and singers. This is an advantage when open business in Hanoi. Secondly, supply chain management would not be a problem because people can come to Hanoi by three main ways: railway, roadway and airway. Hanoi is also a starting point of a lot national highway such as Number 1A national highway, Number 3, 5 national road and NoiBai airport is around 40km away only as well as close to 5 big industry zones which they can supply most of the needs for Hard Rock (http://industrialzone.vn). It is easy to deliver goods for company regularly and on time so company will not be run out of stock even in peak period. Thirdly, since 1990, economics of Vietnam is growing very fast. GDP of Vietnam is around 7% growing continuously while GDP per capital is at $725 USD in 2006 goes up to $1156 USD in 2010 which is nearly double in 4 years time. We can see bright economy, growing very fast which is a potential market with around 90 millions of people (http://www.dfat.gov.au). That could open for Hard Rock a lot of chances while invest in Vietnam as a lot of US companies did it long time ago such as IBM, Intel and many more US companies. Intel is good example in investment. They just announced to decided to make the $1 billion investment in a relative newcomer to the high-tech game Vietnam (http://www.usatoday.com). This decision is good news for Vietnam which could create a hundred thousand jobs in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City as well as could bring back huge profits for Intel in the future as labor cost in Vietnam is quite cheap but highly educated. In conclusion, ten operation management decisions play an important role in doing business of company. Those decisions mentioned above are not all of ten decisions but it would show out how important ten operation management decisions in managing quality, improve performance of employees, create new goods/services in order to adapt to the fast changing of global economic. If Hard Rock Cafà © can continue to perform as they are doing right now, it would be the strength and a competitive edge toward their competitors.

Is Communication Doomed? :: essays research papers

It is essential that everyone is capable of reading, writing, and communicating in an articulate and organized manner. Unfortunately, many American students lack the necessary skills needed for effective communication. It is contradictory that there are so many illiterate students in this current age that many define as 'the age of the information superhighway.' It seems as though many of America's students are unaware of the importance of communication and literacy. Clear and effective language use is a most important and practical utility; it is the vehicle we use to convey information. An 'information superhighway' without vehicles is futile. Without effective language utilization, it is impossible to convey thoughts, emotions, and feelings. Students must have the capacity to absorb and convey information to, at least a minimal level. The meters of literacy magnitude are standardized tests Diane Ravitch writes of "poor verbal scores" and "de-emphasis on careful reading and writing" in Forbes magazine. Standardized test scores are not showing strong enough verbal skills. The latter is an indicator that more emphasis should be placed on language skill development at an earlier period in the education process. Language is the basis of any education. Whether one wishes to pursue a study in literature or science, language arts are indispensable. It is impossible for one to present a lab report or to comprehend a calculus text if he/she is unable to achieve literary discipline. Those who are able to dynamically utilize their literary skills have a plethora of information available to them. They can employ such resources as libraries and the Internet. Therefore, it is essential that, to take advantage of all available resources, one must have a solid foundation consisting of literary knowledge.The most fundamental form of communication is speech. After one's methods of speech are developed, it is then possible to migrate to more sophisticated areas of communication. It is relatively easy to communicate in America. Many people live in countries where there are dozens of dialects. Communication can be chaotic in countries such as China. Americans who are My communication skills are articulate. In my essays, I practice careful grammar and syntax. To achieve dynamic communication skills, I devote much time and patience to reading as much as I possibly can. Exposure to as much literature as possible can only amplify ones literary skills. Many students consider reading a novel or analyzing a literary work as a tedious and monotonous task. Is Communication Doomed? :: essays research papers It is essential that everyone is capable of reading, writing, and communicating in an articulate and organized manner. Unfortunately, many American students lack the necessary skills needed for effective communication. It is contradictory that there are so many illiterate students in this current age that many define as 'the age of the information superhighway.' It seems as though many of America's students are unaware of the importance of communication and literacy. Clear and effective language use is a most important and practical utility; it is the vehicle we use to convey information. An 'information superhighway' without vehicles is futile. Without effective language utilization, it is impossible to convey thoughts, emotions, and feelings. Students must have the capacity to absorb and convey information to, at least a minimal level. The meters of literacy magnitude are standardized tests Diane Ravitch writes of "poor verbal scores" and "de-emphasis on careful reading and writing" in Forbes magazine. Standardized test scores are not showing strong enough verbal skills. The latter is an indicator that more emphasis should be placed on language skill development at an earlier period in the education process. Language is the basis of any education. Whether one wishes to pursue a study in literature or science, language arts are indispensable. It is impossible for one to present a lab report or to comprehend a calculus text if he/she is unable to achieve literary discipline. Those who are able to dynamically utilize their literary skills have a plethora of information available to them. They can employ such resources as libraries and the Internet. Therefore, it is essential that, to take advantage of all available resources, one must have a solid foundation consisting of literary knowledge.The most fundamental form of communication is speech. After one's methods of speech are developed, it is then possible to migrate to more sophisticated areas of communication. It is relatively easy to communicate in America. Many people live in countries where there are dozens of dialects. Communication can be chaotic in countries such as China. Americans who are My communication skills are articulate. In my essays, I practice careful grammar and syntax. To achieve dynamic communication skills, I devote much time and patience to reading as much as I possibly can. Exposure to as much literature as possible can only amplify ones literary skills. Many students consider reading a novel or analyzing a literary work as a tedious and monotonous task.

Macbeth: A King in Name Only Essay

â€Å"I am, indeed, a king, because I know how to rule myself† (Pietro Aretino). Effective kings know how to rule themselves and their people. Throughout William Shakespeare’s Macbeth, the protagonist shows that he lacks verity, or the ability to be truthful. Similarly, Macbeth is in need of stability. Finally, Macbeth shows that he lacks patience. The characteristics that Macbeth demonstrates in the play suggest that he is an ineffective ruler due to his lack of verity, stability, and patience, several qualities which Malcolm describes as required of an effective ruler. Being truthful is a necessary and important characteristic for a ruler to be effective. A ruler who lacks verity will be challenged and others will not trust him. A ruler needs the support of his people and can gain their respect by being truthful. Throughout the play, Macbeth shows a lack of truthfulness to many people, including himself. When Macbeth finishes discussing the details of how he and Lady Macbeth will murder King Duncan, he leaves her by saying, â€Å"[Go], and mock the time with the fairest show: / False face must hide what the false heart doth know† (Mac. 1.7.82-83). Macbeth is telling Lady Macbeth to act like a welcoming and friendly hostess for their special guest, Duncan, while hiding her dark desires to kill him and take his rule over Scotland. Early in the play, this shows that Macbeth is very untruthful and wants other people to think the opposite of what he is thinking. This parallels the theme of appearance versus reality because Macbeth wants his wife to look like she is friendly and warm, but in her heart know her intentions of killing the king. After killing Duncan, Macbeth regrets his bad choice, but then lies when he is talking to Banquo about the witches’ prophecies by saying, â€Å"I think not of them† (2.1.22). This demonstrates Macbeth’s lack of verity because he tells Banquo that he is not thinking about the witches’ prophecies, but he certainly is. Macbeth’s over-ambitious nature causes him to be untruthful in his thoughts and his actions. His thoughts are now starting to take control of his actions. Not only does Macbeth lack the truthfulness required of an effective ruler, but his stability is also questionable. To be effective, a ruler must exhibit stability. He must be calm and be able to control his emotions. He cannot  make careless or irrational decisions and must act in the best interest of others, rather than focusing on himself. Demonstration of this quality through these actions is important in winning trust and respect from those under his rule. Macbeth’s mental stability starts to deteriorate and this leads to impure and insane behaviour. Macbeth is still contemplating killing Duncan, when he has a hallucination and says: Is this a dagger which I see before me, The handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee. I have thee not, and yet I see thee still. Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible To feeling, as to sight? or art thou but A dagger of the mind, a false creation, Proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain? (2.1.33-39) Macbeth sees a dagger with drops of blood all over it, the blade pointing to Duncan and the handle to him. This suggests that fate is telling Macbeth to kill Duncan. This shows Macbeth’s mental instability because he is imagining the image of a bloody dagger, which indeed suggests that he is unstable and not fit to be an effective king. Macbeth’s mental deterioration starts to show even more when he sees Banquo’s ghost at a banquet he holds for his lords. Macbeth appears to get angry at the ghost of Banquo when he slams his cup down saying, â€Å"Avaunt! and quit my sight! let the earth hide thee! / Thy bones are marrowless, thy blood is cold; / Thou hast no speculation in those eyes / Which thou dost glare with† (3.4.93-96). At this point, even Macbeth’s guests start to question him and Lady Macbeth tries to calm him down. This suggests he is feeling guilty from all of the evil deeds he has committed, especially the murder of his dear friend, Banqu o. Throughout the play, Macbeth’s instability causes him to commit selfish and illogical deeds, which leads to great chaos in Scotland. An unstable ruler will cause chaos in his land and will therefore be an ineffective ruler. Since Macbeth’s mental state is quickly deteriorating, he is being forced to make quick decisions which he does not think through. Finally, in order to deal with people effectively, a strong ruler needs patience. People have different opinions and needs and a ruler must react to challenges calmly,  taking time to consider all facts to make decisions in the best interest of the country. A ruler who shows patience becomes more approachable to his subjects who trust the ruler to make good decisions. Macbeth does not demonstrate this quality and his lack of patience leads him to make irrational decisions and to overthink things, thus contributing to his downfall. Macbeth’s great ambition controls his actions and makes him more impatient. Macbeth shows his ambition early in the play, after he and Banquo receive their prophecies from the â€Å"weird† sisters. At first, they question the prophecies they receive, but then Macbeth becomes impatient and wants to be king as quickly as possible and against all odds. At the king’s palace, he proves his impatience by saying, â€Å"The Prince of Cumberland! That is a step,/ On which I must fall down, or else o’erleap† (1.4.48-49). Macbeth means that he must either stay where he is right now, or he must commit evil deeds to get what he wants, which is to become king. This shows he is impatient because the prophecies could have meant that Macbeth was going to become king by fate, but instead he took it into his own hands to become king. He did not want to wait for fate to take its course. It is Lady Macbeth who persuades Macbeth to kill the king and she fuels Macbeth’s ambition by calling him a coward and unmanly. He feels that he has to prove himself to Lady Macbeth, so he follows through and kills the king rather than taking time to think through the consequences. Macbeth again proves his blind ambition and shows his impatient nature when he prepares to kill the king. Macbeth recognizes his blind ambition because â€Å"[he has] no spur/ To prick the sides of [his] intent, but only/ Vaulting ambition, which o’erleaps itself,/ And falls on the other† (1.7.25-28). Macbeth admits his ambition and says that this is the only reason he can give for wanting to kill the king so quickly. Macbeth’s impatience and ambition later lead him to kill Banquo and Macduff’s family in order to quickly remove obstacles he perceives are in the way of him becoming king. Macbeth’s impatience to become king continues as he becomes an ineffective ruler and disrupts the order of the once happy Scotland. The protagonist, Macbeth, brings chaos to Scotland because of his lack of verity, stability, and patience, all qualities which Malcolm states are necessary for a good king. Macbeth shows he lacks truth through his many lies. That he also lacks stability is proven in his many hallucinations. Finally, Macbeth’s impatience is proven through  his blindly ambitious murders. Macbeth is clearly an in effective ruler, but if you were king, would you know how to rule yourself? Works Cited Shakespeare, W. Macbeth. Toronto: Canadian School Book Exchange, 1996. Print.

Anne Hutchinson Quotes

Anne Hutchinson Quotes Anne Hutchinsons  religious ideas and leadership of others who held them threatened to create a schism in Massachusetts colony in 1635-1638. She was accused by her opponents of antinomianism (anti-law), undermining authority, and overemphasizing salvation by grace. She in turn accused them of Legalism - overemphasizing salvation by works and rules over individual conscience. Selected Anne Hutchinson Quotations As I do understand it, laws, commands, rules and edicts are for those who have not the light which makes plain the pathway. He who has Gods grace in his heart cannot go astray. The power of the Holy Spirit dwelleth perfectly in every believer, and the inward revelations of her own spirit, and the conscious judgment of her own mind are of authority paramount to any word of God. I conceive there lies a clear rule in Titus that the elder women should instruct the younger and then I must have a time wherein I must do it. If any come to my house to be instructed in the ways of God what rule have I to put them away? Do you think it not lawful for me to teach women and why do you call me to teach the court? When I first came to this land because I did not go to such meetings as those were, it was presently reported that I did not allow of such meetings but held them unlawful and therefore in that regard they said I was proud and did despise all ordinances. Upon that a friend came unto me and told me of it and I to prevent such aspersions took it up, but it was in practice before I came. Therefore I was not the first. I am called here to answer before you, but I hear no things laid to my charge. I desire to know wherefore I am banished? Will it please you to answer me this and to give me a rule for then I will willingly submit to any truth. I do here speak it before the court. I look that the Lord should deliver me by his providence. If you please to give me leave I shall give you the ground of what I know to be true. The Lord judges not as man judges. Better to be cast out of the church than to deny Christ. A Christian is not bound to the law. But now having seen him which is invisible I fear not what man can do unto me. What from the Church at Boston? I know no such church, neither will I own it. Call it the whore and strumpet of Boston, no Church of Christ! You have power over my body but the Lord Jesus hath power over my body and soul; and assure yourselves thus much, you do as much as in you lies to put the Lord Jesus Christ from you, and if you go on in this course you begin, you will bring a curse upon you and your posterity, and the mouth of the Lord hath spoken it. He that denies the testament denies the testator, and in this did open unto me and give me to see that those which did not teach the new covenant had the spirit of antichrist, and upon this he did discover the ministry unto me; and ever since, I bless the Lord, he hath let me see which was the clear ministry and which the wrong. For you see this scripture fulfilled this day and therefore I desire you as you tender the Lord and the church and commonwealth to consider and look what you do. But after he was pleased to reveal himself to me I did presently, like Abraham, run to Hagar. And after that he did let me see the atheism of my own heart, for which I begged of the Lord that it might not remain in my heart. I have been guilty of wrong thinking. They thought that I did conceive there was a difference between them and Mr. Cotton... I might say they might preach a covenant of works as did the apostles, but to preach a covenant of works and to be under a covenant of works is another business. One may preach a covenant of grace more clearly than another... But when they preach a covenant of works for salvation, that is not truth. I pray, Sir, prove it that I said they preached nothing but a covenant of works. Thomas Weld, on hearing of the death of the Hutchinsons: Thus the Lord heard our groans to heaven and freed us from this great and sore affliction. From the sentence at her trial read by Governor Winthrop: Mrs. Hutchinson, the sentence of the court you hear is that you are banished from out of our jurisdiction as being a woman not fit for our society.