Roman Government of the Early Empire

Roman Government of the Early Empire Octavian defeated Marcus Antonius and Cleopatra VII at Actium and became the undisputed leader of Rome. Through his military power he was able to maintain control of the Rome and gradually establish a monarchy. The Romans hated the term monarchy and Octavian wanted to be considered democratic. Thus he did not create any positions but simply held the powers of the regular magistracies, many at ones and continuously. The Romans, weary from civil war, knew what he was doing but accepted the situation.After the civil war Octavian through his general Marcus Agrippa demobilized the Roman army from 75 legions reduced to 28. Octavian controlled all the stronger provinces where legions were stationed; out of the 28 remaining legions Octavian alone controlled 26. Dio Cassius wrote " ...he alone had arms and maintained soldiers..." Octavian was secure financially through his acquisition of Egypt administrated by him directly through his Praefectus Aegypti.English: The Roman Empire under Augustu s Caesar (3...According to Dio CassiusOctavian controlled the state treasury and could spend it as he chooses. Because Octavian had both military and financial control of Rome he had absolute power in all matters.Princeps was the official title of the early emperors. The Princep or 'first citizen' held supreme 'auctoritas' and were the top patrons. This form of government is referred to as the principate. Octavian was later given the title Augustus and became the first Princep. He established a model of government based on the assumption of positions and powers already existing in the Republic. This model of the principate was followed and extended by later principes.According to Dio Cassius Augustus held all the offices and titles except dictatorship, although original constitutional magistracies still exist everything is carried out according to Augustus' wishes. Augustus frequently became a consul and always held the title of proconsul outside Rome; more...

Back-Formation

Back-Formation Back-Formation Back-Formation By Maeve Maddox Back-formation is one of several methods by which new words are added to the language. An often-quoted example is the word pea. Before pea was created by back-formation, English had the singular noun pease. Here are two examples of its early use from the OED, (some spellings altered): All this world’s pride is not worth a pease. As like as one pease is to another. The plural was peasen: The leaves of beans and peasen Cherries, gooseberries, and green peasen Over time, as -s shoved out -en as the sign of the plural, speakers came to feel that pease was a plural; thus was born our singular pea and its plural form peas. Back-formation is especially frequent in the creation of new verbs. Some writers use the verb â€Å"to back form,† a back-formation of back-formation; so far, this coinage hasn’t made it into either the OED or M-W. Sometimes the coinage is intentionally jocular, as with the verb buttle from butler: â€Å"Nobody could buttle like James† Sometimes the new verb formed from a noun fills a need and is quietly absorbed into the language, like the verb edit from editor. At their first appearance in the language, back-formations often stir feelings of revulsion. Test your own reactions to the following sentences: I  hate  it when people  enthuse  too much over food. Ive met him twice, but never had  the chance to conversate. To what extentdid the US intelligence community surveil the anti-apartheid movement in the United States?† Now I would  never dis my  own mama just to get recognition.   Britains most senior police officer is liaising with US law agencies. Have you accepted the legitimacy of the back-formations that have created the verbs enthuse, conversate, surveil, dis (also spelled diss), and liaise? Or do you get that fingernail on the blackboard feeling when you see them or hear them? Conversely, gauge your reaction to these verbs: diagnose, donate, eavesdrop, evaluate, kidnap, manipulate, proliferate, and vaccinate. My guess is that the second list raised nobody’s blood pressure. Yet, each of the verbs in this list is a back-formation from a pre-existing noun: diagnosis, donation, eavesdropper, evaluation, kidnapper, manipulation, proliferation, and vaccination. Time and usage will determine whether back-formations like surveil and conversate will prevail. The determining factor will be usefulness. If the coinage is felt to fill a gap in the language, speakers will eventually embrace it. Related posts: â€Å"Kudo vs Kudos† â€Å"Vaccination and Baccalaureate† â€Å"Why We Love To Hate Liaise† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Punctuating â€Å"So† at the Beginning of a SentenceHomogeneous vs. Heterogeneous40 Words Beginning with "Para-"